This technological transition occurred with calculators as well as in many other fields such as television, music players, etc. One of the most significant advances of the 20th century was the replacement of mechanical and electromechanical devices with electronic devices. Keuffel & Esser and Pickett were the most common brands. Slide rules were simple mechanical devices used by engineers to multiply, divide, and perform other calculations that are based on logarithms and trigonometric relations. Important calculator manufacturers were Friden, Marchant and Monroe. Calculators were used by engineers and scientists as well as in the business world. Calculators were larger units (often about the size of a typewriter) that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Successful brands of adding machines were Burroughs, Comptometer and Victor. Adding machines were used by accountants, bankers and merchants to add and subtract (often with a paper tape record of the calculation). Prior to 1960 there were three general types of calculating devices: mechanical adding machines, calculators (both mechanical and electromechanical), and slide rules. By the end of the 1970s, small battery-powered pocket calculators, implemented with integrated circuits, had largely replaced electronic desktop calculators. Starting in 1960 electronic desktop calculators were developed and began replacing the widely used mechanical and electromechanical calculators. By the mid-1970s, small battery-powered pocket calculators, implemented with integrated circuits, had replaced desktop calculators and were rapidly replacing the previously indispensable engineering slide rules. ![]() In the mid-1960s vacuum tubes were replaced by discrete transistors to provide more functionality and greater durability. ![]() ![]() Electronic calculators were more durable, faster, and silent. Starting in 1960, desktop calculators based on vacuum tubes were introduced to replace the mechanical and electromechanical calculators that had been widely used in business, engineering and science. 8.1 References of Historical Significance.
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